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That’s why in practice, the multiple reflection depth is limited either in renderer settings by specifying the tracing depth of secondary reflections or by the minimum contribution value, which may be taken into account. Besides, sampling all bounces, excluding the first one, is less exact ? with fewer rays.

Direct illumination is calculated by emitting additional rays from each cross point in the direction of all light sources in the 3D scene. In this process the program determines whether the point is illuminated or in the shade and calculates distance to the light source and the angle between the direction to the light source and the normal of the cross point between the surface and the camera ray.

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If the scene contains not only spot lights, but also linear, area, or volume lights, a group of rays is emitted in their direction instead of a single ray, in order to determine to what degree the point is illuminated as the illumination total of different parts of the light source. This procedure allows to calculate “soft” or blurred borders between the shadow and light (penumbra). Area lights are the most widely used light sources in practice.

Or until the illumination Shop Now contribution of the ray becomes less than a certain value. Illumination of the point from reflections and refractions is determined as a Perfeito illumination of all rays traced from this point. Modern modification of this algorithm allows to calculate diffuse reflections and refractions. This can be done because several rays are emitted from the starting point (instead of a single ray) in the range of angles close to the ideal reflection/refraction angle. Illumination of the point is calculated by approximating illuminations from these rays according to some principle. As those rays are coming apart as the distance from the point grows, approximation will give an increasingly blurred result with the increasing distance or when going through other reflecting/refracting surfaces.

Modern rendering algorithms allow to calculate many properties of real illumination. The entire calculation is usually divided into calculations of three main components. The first component is the calculation of direct illumination of objects from light sources, including lengthy objects in the line of sight. The second component, conditioned by reflection properties and material transparency, takes into account reflected or refracted illumination. At last, the third component ? secondary illumination, conditioned by multiple diffuse reflections of direct light between object surfaces.

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